CS4Q · Control Systems for QuantumCS4Q · Control Systems for Quantum

量子测控文献导读Quantum Control Literature Guide

从脉冲控制到容错运行。以 CS4Q workshop(LBNL)的报告人与组织者为线索,整理 17 篇主论文、9 篇补充论文与 7 项会议/工程资料,按系统层次与发展脉络组织。核查日期 2026-09-21。 From pulse control to fault-tolerant operation. Curated around the speakers and organizers of the CS4Q workshop (LBNL): 17 main papers, 9 supplementary papers and 7 talks/engineering notes, organized by system layer and research trajectory. Verified 2026-09-21.

先建立系统图景A System Map First

沿两条方向相反的链路阅读:程序向下变成物理操作,测量向上变成下一步决策。把这些层连接起来,才是闭环。Read along two opposing chains: the program flows down into physical operations, and measurement flows back up into the next decision. Connecting the layers is what closes the loop.

算法与逻辑编译Algorithm & Logical Compilation 逻辑程序 → 编码、逻辑操作和资源安排logical program → encoding, logical ops, resource plan P04、P05、R02
控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime 分支、循环、时序 → 控制器可执行任务branches, loops, timing → controller-executable tasks P10、P14、P08、R03
控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses 指令和参数 → 同步的电压、微波或激光操作instructions & parameters → synchronized voltage / microwave / laser ops P01、P02、P03、P07
读出与状态判别Readout & Discrimination 模拟信号 → 0/1、泄漏状态或置信度analog signal → 0/1, leakage state, or confidence P17、P12
校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding 多轮测量记录 → 错误解释、逻辑结果、帧更新multi-round measurement record → error interpretation, logical result, frame update P11、P13、P05、R05
长期维护Long-term Maintenance 漂移、损耗、设备状态 → 校准、重置、补充原子drift, loss, device state → calibration, reset, atom replenishment P06、R04、R07

发展脉络:六个阶段Research Trajectory: Six Phases

以本组文献为中心的研究史(不代表量子控制全部历史)。阶段有重叠,因为不同平台、不同层次并行推进。A history centered on this set of papers (not the full history of quantum control). Phases overlap because platforms and layers advance in parallel.

1995 起
建立纠错目标(S01)Establishing the QEC goal (S01)
从延缓单比特退相干,走向用冗余编码保护逻辑信息。From slowing single-qubit decoherence to protecting logical information with redundant encoding.
2004–2009
建立高质量物理接口(S02、S03)Building high-quality physical interfaces (S02、S03)
如何用可设计的电路读出量子态、用成形脉冲减少泄漏。Reading out qubit states with engineered circuits and reducing leakage with shaped pulses.
2012–2020
形成反馈和误差跟踪(P12、P13)Feedback and error tracking (P12、P13)
测量参与执行;多轮记录用于推断错误及泄漏。Measurement joins execution; multi-round records are used to infer errors and leakage.
2014–2023
控制系统可编程、可扩展(P03、S04、S06、P14、P10、S07、P01)Programmable, scalable control systems (P03、S04、S06、P14、P10、S07、P01)
数字低温控制、可执行 ISA、语言、RFSoC 平台并行发展。Digital cryogenic control, executable ISAs, languages and RFSoC platforms develop in parallel.
2021–2025
从控制原语走向逻辑闭环(S08、S09、P11)From control primitives to logical closed loops (S08、S09、P11)
实时译码、重复纠错和低于阈值的逻辑存储成为可验证对象。Real-time decoding, repeated QEC and below-threshold logical memory become verifiable.
2024–2026
追求持续运行与完整软件栈(P15–P17、P02、P06–P08、P04–P05、R02–R07)Toward sustained operation and a full software stack (P15–P17、P02、P06–P08、P04–P05、R02–R07)
降低实验开销,接入高效读出,管理物理资源,编译逻辑程序。Cutting experimental overhead, efficient readout, managing physical resources, compiling logical programs.

33 篇文献33 Entries

主论文(17)Main papers (17)

P01 2023 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses QubiC 2.0:让量子控制器执行动态电路
Yilun Xu 等 · arXiv · 关联linked to Kasra Nowrouzi
基于 RFSoC 的开源控制系统:Python 程序经中间表示/脉冲编译/调度变成处理核心指令,读出结果可进入条件分支并支持跨板同步,把动态电路的软件表达与硬件反馈连成可扩展系统。Open-source RFSoC-based control system: Python programs are compiled to per-core instructions, readout feeds conditional branches with cross-board sync, connecting dynamic-circuit software to hardware feed-forward.
QubiC 2.0: An Extensible Open-Source Qubit Control System Capable of Mid-Circuit Measurement and Feed-Forward arXiv:2309.10333
证据边界:证明控制原语可用;完整容错还需译码与更大规模验证。Evidence scope: 证明控制原语可用;完整容错还需译码与更大规模验证。
P02 2026 硅自旋Silicon Spin 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses 数字控制硅量子处理器:芯片×低温控制×互连协同设计
HRL Quantum Team 等 · Nature / arXiv · 关联linked to Stephen Carr
硅交换型比特的瓶颈是大量高质量信号如何进低温端。联合实现低温 CMOS 控制芯片、超导带状互连与低噪声交换器件(54 量子点/容量 18 交换比特),把控制信号产生、低温传输与量子器件作为一个系统优化。Co-design of cryo-CMOS control chip, superconducting interconnects and low-noise exchange qubits (54 dots / up to 18 exchange qubits), optimizing signal generation, cryogenic transmission and the quantum device as one system.
A digitally controlled silicon quantum processing unit arXiv:2604.16216
证据边界:器件容量≠同时高保真规模;重复码≠完整表面码。Evidence scope: 器件容量≠同时高保真规模;重复码≠完整表面码。
P03 2014 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses SFQ 脉冲精确比特控制:数字脉冲控制的理论起点
R. McDermott, M. G. Vavilov · PRA / arXiv · 关联linked to Dusty Johnson
能否用单磁通量子脉冲列代替微波驱动?按振荡周期排列的短脉冲相干累积成所需旋转,把门控制改写为离散脉冲的数量与时间安排,使超导数字逻辑与量子控制出现直接接口。Can SFQ pulse trains replace microwave drive? Short pulses spaced by the oscillation period coherently accumulate into the desired rotation, recasting gate control as discrete-pulse scheduling — a direct interface between superconducting digital logic and qubit control.
Accurate Qubit Control with Single Flux Quantum Pulses arXiv:1408.0390
证据边界:约 20 ns 序列 >99.9% 是模型预测值,非该文实测。Evidence scope: 约 20 ns 序列 >99.9% 是模型预测值,非该文实测。
P04 2026 平台通用Platform-agnostic 算法与逻辑编译Algorithm & Logical Compilation CUDA-Q Logical:逻辑程序逐层落实到控制计划
Alexander McCaskey, Justin Lietz 等 · arXiv 预印本 · 关联linked to Justin Lietz
逻辑电路、纠错码、资源估算与物理调度各用一套工具易丢失假设。设 P0–P4 层次(逻辑意图→逻辑架构→QEC 绑定→物理实现→实时控制)逐层加约束,资源估算从编译产物生成,换码/换硬件时程序意图不变。A P0–P4 layered flow (logical intent → logical architecture → QEC binding → physical implementation → real-time control) keeps provenance; resource estimates derive from compilation artifacts, so swapping code or hardware keeps program intent fixed.
CUDA-Q Logical: Retargetable Compilation for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing arXiv:2609.13388
证据边界:部分评估用无噪声/全连接/归一化时序,不等于已实现容错执行。Evidence scope: 部分评估用无噪声/全连接/归一化时序,不等于已实现容错执行。
P05 2026 平台通用Platform-agnostic 算法与逻辑编译Algorithm & Logical Compilation校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding 组合探测器错误模型:让错误模型跟随动态程序组合
Vadym Kliuchnikov, Justin Lietz, Fernando Pastawski · arXiv 预印本 · 关联linked to Justin Lietz
检测事件可能跨越两个逻辑操作边界,动态程序又无法运行前完整展开。引入边界虚拟 syndrome 与可携带边界误差信息的扩展模型 EDEM,使局部模型可串联/并联恢复整体 DEM,同一构件可分析一次随程序复用。Detection events may span two logical operations and dynamic programs cannot be fully unrolled ahead of time. Boundary virtual syndromes and the extended model EDEM let local models compose (series/parallel) back to the global DEM, so a block is analyzed once and reused.
Composing Detector Error Models arXiv:2609.13087
证据边界:模型能正确组合≠译码性能/阈值/通信延迟已验证。Evidence scope: 模型能正确组合≠译码性能/阈值/通信延迟已验证。
P06 2026 中性原子Neutral Atom 校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding长期维护Long-term Maintenance 环面码中性原子纠错:推进到可持续循环
Atom Computing 等 · arXiv 预印本 · 关联linked to Michael Sorensen
多轮操作造成原子加热丢失。分区架构中移动原子、交替数据/辅助角色,执行中途测量、冷却与丢失原子替换,并在保持量子信息的同时补充储备原子——纠错控制范围扩展到原子供应、位置与身份管理。Multi-round operation heats and loses atoms. A zoned architecture shuttles atoms, alternates data/ancilla roles, performs mid-circuit measurement, cooling and atom replacement — extending QEC control to atom supply, position and identity management.
Quantum error correction with the toric code arXiv:2606.04079
证据边界:有限轮数与两种规模,尚非任意长任意规模通用容错证明。Evidence scope: 有限轮数与两种规模,尚非任意长任意规模通用容错证明。
P07 2026 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses 16 通道 cryo-CMOS 磁通控制 ASIC:低温功耗预算内生成精细波形
Kevin Tien 等 · ISSCC · 关联linked to Jonathan Kaus
大规模超导处理器需大量磁通控制通道而低温功耗受限。14nm FinFET 组合不同速率 10 位子 DAC,提供 14 位电平分辨率与 IIR 预补偿,配低功耗串行接口——用分级波形生成和数字补偿平衡速度/精度/功耗。A 14nm FinFET ASIC combines 10-bit sub-DACs at different rates for 14-bit level resolution with IIR pre-compensation and a low-power serial link — hierarchical waveform generation plus digital compensation to balance speed, precision and power.
A 16-channel low-power cryo-CMOS flux control pulse generator ASIC in 14nm FinFET technology
证据边界:14 位电平分辨率≠14 位有效动态精度;最低门错率非全芯片均值。Evidence scope: 14 位电平分辨率≠14 位有效动态精度;最低门错率非全芯片均值。
P08 2025 离子阱Trapped Ion 控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses Helios:动态程序运行时同时管理离子和量子门
A. Ransford 等 · Nature / arXiv · 关联linked to Thomas Skripka
QCCD 搬离子实现灵活连接,但分支执行时要知道离子当前位置。Helios 用钡离子、环形存储与操作区域,运行时动态映射虚拟比特,安排搬运、冷却与门操作——量子态仍存活时处理分配/释放/条件/循环,而非只播放预定搬运表。QCCD shuttles ions for flexible connectivity, but branch execution needs to know where each ion is. Helios maps virtual qubits at runtime, scheduling shuttling, cooling and gates — handling allocation, release, conditionals and loops while states are alive.
A 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer with all-to-all connectivity arXiv:2511.05465
证据边界:全连接=任意配对可实现,≠所有配对可同时零搬运成本执行。Evidence scope: 全连接=任意配对可实现,≠所有配对可同时零搬运成本执行。
P09 2024 超导Superconducting 算法与逻辑编译Algorithm & Logical Compilation 可视化电荷与弦动力学:应用如何反过来检验测控系统
Tyler A. Cochran 等 · Nature / arXiv · 关联linked to Tyler A. Cochran
二维 Z₂ 格点规范模型中电荷间弦如何波动/约束/断裂?在超导 45 比特网格上制备低能态与激发,用数字时间演化观察动力学,把可观测动力学转化为可执行量子线路——是“为什么需要测控改进”的应用端例子。How do strings between charges fluctuate, constrain and break in a 2D Z₂ lattice gauge model? Low-energy states and excitations are prepared on a 45-qubit superconducting grid and evolved digitally — an application-side example of why better control is needed.
Visualizing Dynamics of Charges and Strings in (2+1)D Lattice Gauge Theories arXiv:2409.17142
证据边界:依赖随机编译/回波/后选择/误差缓解;非逻辑纠错处理器上的模拟。Evidence scope: 依赖随机编译/回波/后选择/误差缓解;非逻辑纠错处理器上的模拟。
P10 2021 平台通用Platform-agnostic 控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime OpenQASM 3:把时间、反馈和脉冲纳入程序表达
Andrew W. Cross 等 · ACM TQC / arXiv · 关联linked to Jamie Phan
单纯门列表不便描述测量后的控制流与精确时序。OpenQASM 3 增加经典控制流、外部函数调用、时间表达、脉冲与门修饰,重点服务紧耦合的实时量子—经典交互,给校准/特征测量/误差缓解提供共同表达接口。Gate lists alone cannot express post-measurement control flow or precise timing. OpenQASM 3 adds classical control flow, external calls, timing, pulses and gate modifiers for tightly-coupled real-time quantum-classical interaction.
OpenQASM 3: A broader and deeper quantum assembly language arXiv:2104.14722
证据边界:语法允许写出≠任意后端都能以所需延迟/内存执行。Evidence scope: 语法允许写出≠任意后端都能以所需延迟/内存执行。
P11 2024 超导Superconducting 校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding 局部聚类译码器 LCD:兼顾速度与泄漏信息的硬件译码
Abbas B. Ziad 等 · Nat. Commun. / arXiv · 关联linked to Munir Hasan
快速平台持续产生校验数据,译码既要快又要准确利用泄漏等旁信息。LCD 把局部聚类译码映射到 FPGA 并行硬件,辅以可按控制信号更新译码解释的自适应引擎——把硬件并行与噪声适应联合设计。Fast platforms produce a continuous syndrome stream; decoding must be fast yet exploit side information such as leakage. LCD maps local clustering decoding onto parallel FPGA hardware with an adaptive engine that updates interpretations from control signals.
Local Clustering Decoder as a fast and adaptive hardware decoder for the surface code arXiv:2411.10343
证据边界:<1 μs/轮 与特定泄漏模型下物理比特减约 4 倍,是模型条件比较。Evidence scope: <1 μs/轮 与特定泄漏模型下物理比特减约 4 倍,是模型条件比较。
P12 2012 超导Superconducting 读出与状态判别Readout & Discrimination控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses 固态比特反馈控制:让测量成为下一步控制的输入
D. Ristè, C. C. Bultink, K. W. Lehnert, L. DiCarlo · PRL / arXiv · 关联linked to C. C. Bultink
等待自然弛豫初始化既慢又受残余激发限制。先对 transmon 投影测量,再据结果触发相干 π 脉冲实现确定性重置——把高保真读出与实时条件驱动组成闭环,使测量从实验终点变成执行过程的一部分。Waiting for relaxation to initialize is slow and limited by residual excitation. A projective transmon measurement triggers a coherent π pulse for deterministic reset — closing the loop between high-fidelity readout and real-time conditional drive.
Feedback control of a solid-state qubit arXiv:1207.2944
证据边界:重置清除原状态,不是保留未知量子态的纠错。Evidence scope: 重置清除原状态,不是保留未知量子态的纠错。
P13 2019 超导Superconducting 读出与状态判别Readout & Discrimination校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding 保护量子纠缠:从单次测量走向测量历史和泄漏推断
C. C. Bultink 等 · Sci. Adv. / arXiv · 关联linked to C. C. Bultink
transmon 离开 0/1 计算子空间后普通二态模型失效。重复测量两数据比特奇偶性,用隐马尔可夫模型从校验记录推断泄漏状态,同时用 Pauli frame 处理计算子空间内错误——从已有校验历史提取泄漏证据。Once a transmon leaves the 0/1 subspace, a two-state error model fails. Repetitive parity checks plus a hidden Markov model infer leakage from the record, while a Pauli frame tracks in-subspace errors — extracting leakage evidence from history.
Protecting quantum entanglement from leakage and qubit errors via repetitive parity measurements arXiv:1905.12731
证据边界:含后选择丢弃数据,不能描述为无后选择实时泄漏修复。Evidence scope: 含后选择丢弃数据,不能描述为无后选择实时泄漏修复。
P14 2019 平台通用Platform-agnostic 控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime 理解量子控制处理器能力:从电路需求反推指令集
Anastasiia Butko 等 · IEEE ICRC / arXiv · 关联linked to Anastasiia Butko
控制处理器即使能表达所有门,也可能来不及在门周期内发出足够指令。按电路规模/门密度/种类/分布建立评价方法,设计 QUASAR 标量与 qV 向量扩展——把指令集取舍与量子工作负载、编码密度、程序大小、实时发射约束联系起来。A control processor may express all gates yet fail to issue enough instructions within a gate period. Workload metrics (size, density, gate mix, distribution) drive the QUASAR scalar and qV vector ISA extensions, linking ISA trade-offs to real-time issue constraints.
Understanding Quantum Control Processor Capabilities and Limitations through Circuit Characterization arXiv:1909.11719
证据边界:评价控制路径,不等于物理门保真度提升或统一加速倍数。Evidence scope: 评价控制路径,不等于物理门保真度提升或统一加速倍数。
P15 2024 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime 硬件高效随机编译:在执行端生成随机化
Neelay Fruitwala 等 · arXiv · 关联linked to Neelay Fruitwala
随机编译需大量等价但随机化不同的电路,逐个软件编译上传代价高。把 Pauli 随机选择/传播/单比特门参数组合下移到 FPGA,用查找表适配——复用电路主体,每次执行时生成随机实例,把噪声整形从庞大离线集合变成控制器能力。Randomized compiling needs many equivalent randomized circuits; compiling and uploading each is costly. Pauli randomization, propagation and single-qubit gate combination move into the FPGA via lookup tables — the circuit body is reused and each shot is randomized at run time.
Hardware-Efficient Randomized Compiling arXiv:2406.13967
证据边界:250 倍是实验流程总时间加速,非量子门速度提升 250 倍。Evidence scope: 250 倍是实验流程总时间加速,非量子门速度提升 250 倍。
P16 2024 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime 硬件辅助参数化电路执行:只编译骨架重复更新参数
Abhi D. Rajagopala 等 · arXiv · 关联linked to Abhi D. Rajagopala
大量校准/特征测量电路脉冲结构相同,主要区别在旋转参数。识别共享骨架抽离参数,只对不同骨架编译,由硬件 Stitch 机制更新执行参数——在脉冲层识别复用结构,减少编译/组装/加载。Many calibration/characterization circuits share pulse structure and differ only in rotation parameters. Shared skeletons are identified, parameters abstracted and compiled once, with a hardware Stitch mechanism updating parameters at run time.
Hardware-Assisted Parameterized Circuit Execution arXiv:2409.03725
证据边界:RB 编译/组装/加载约改善 32/12/7 倍,但总实验时间约改善 2.5 倍。Evidence scope: RB 编译/组装/加载约改善 32/12/7 倍,但总实验时间约改善 2.5 倍。
P17 2024 超导Superconducting 读出与状态判别Readout & Discrimination ML 驱动的 FPGA 状态判别:把轻量神经网络放进实时读出链
Neel R. Vora 等 · arXiv · 关联linked to Kasra Nowrouzi
中途测量需迅速把读出变成可用状态。把积分后的 I/Q 特征输入小型定点化神经网络,在 FPGA 流水执行,支持二/三能级判别与条件操作——把模型大小、定点数值与硬件数据路径共同优化,使学习型分类直接参与控制执行。Mid-circuit measurement must quickly turn readout into a usable state. Integrated I/Q features feed a small fixed-point neural network pipelined in FPGA, supporting two/three-level discrimination and conditional operations — model size, fixed-point math and the datapath are co-optimized.
ML-Powered FPGA-based Real-Time Quantum State Discrimination Enabling Mid-circuit Measurements arXiv:2406.18807
证据边界:40 ns 是分类推理路径,非测量到反馈的总延迟。Evidence scope: 40 ns 是分类推理路径,非测量到反馈的总延迟。

补充论文(9)Supplementary (9)

S01 1995 平台通用Platform-agnostic 校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding Shor 1995:为什么只提高物理门质量还不够
Peter W. Shor · PRA
把一个量子态的信息分散编码到多个物理比特,建立可恢复错误的量子存储方案——关键不是复制未知量子态,而是在冗余编码中提取错误信息、保护逻辑信息。确立通过编码获得可靠性的方向。Encodes one quantum state across many physical qubits into a recoverable quantum memory — the key is not cloning the unknown state but extracting error information from the redundancy to protect logical information.
Scheme for reducing decoherence in quantum computer memory
S02 2004 超导Superconducting 读出与状态判别Readout & Discrimination控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses Blais 2004:用谐振腔建立超导比特的控制与测量接口
Alexandre Blais 等 · PRA / arXiv
研究超导比特与片上谐振器耦合的架构;色散区比特状态影响谐振器响应,为控制、耦合和读出提供可用接口——现代超导读出为何常从一个微波响应开始,再经放大、混频、积分与判别。Couples a superconducting qubit to an on-chip resonator; in the dispersive regime the qubit state shifts the resonator response, providing the interface for control, coupling and readout behind modern superconducting measurement.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics for superconducting electrical circuits arXiv:cond-mat/0402216
S03 2009 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses DRAG 2009:快脉冲为什么会激发不想要的能级
Felix Motzoi, Jay M. Gambetta, Patrick Rebentrost, Frank K. Wilhelm · PRL / arXiv
针对弱非谐多能级系统,给主驱动增加与其时间导数相关的正交分量并配合修正,减少快速门造成的泄漏与相位误差——把“更快”与“更准”的折中变成可设计的波形问题。For weakly anharmonic multi-level systems, adding a quadrature component related to the drive's time derivative (with corrections) reduces leakage and phase errors from fast gates — turning the speed-accuracy trade-off into a designable waveform problem.
Simple Pulses for Elimination of Leakage in Weakly Nonlinear Qubits arXiv:0901.0534
S04 2018 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses 数字相干控制 2018/2019:SFQ 从模型走向实验
Edward Leonard Jr. 等 · PRA / arXiv
将 SFQ 驱动器与 transmon 制作在同一芯片,通过电容耦合脉冲列实现相干旋转并测门性能——报告约 95% 门保真度,主要受耗散驱动器产生的准粒子影响,与 P03 的高保真理论预测不矛盾:实验增加了模型之外的集成噪声路径。SFQ driver and transmon are fabricated on one chip, achieving coherent rotations via capacitively-coupled pulse trains — ~95% gate fidelity, limited by quasiparticles from the dissipative driver, consistent with P03: integration adds noise paths beyond the model.
Digital coherent control of a superconducting qubit arXiv:1806.07930
S05 2016 平台通用Platform-agnostic 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses算法与逻辑编译Algorithm & Logical Compilation 随机编译 2016:为何随机性可以改善可控性
Joel J. Wallman, Joseph Emerson · PRA / arXiv
插入相互补偿的随机单比特操作,保持理想计算不变,同时在相应假设下把有效噪声整形成随机 Pauli 噪声,降低相干误差累积的危害——改变噪声结构可与降低单门平均错误率同样重要。Inserting compensating random single-qubit operations keeps the ideal computation while tailoring effective noise toward stochastic Pauli noise under stated assumptions — changing the noise structure can matter as much as lowering the average gate error.
Noise tailoring for scalable quantum computation via randomized compiling arXiv:1512.01098
S06 2018 超导Superconducting 控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime eQASM 2018/2019:从量子汇编到可执行指令集
X. Fu 等 · HPCA / arXiv
把量子操作与硬件时序、控制流结合,利用时间表达、单操作多比特执行和超长指令字组织,建立可由控制微架构执行的指令集——补上“程序里写同时执行以后,控制器必须有办法按时发出操作”这一关键问题。Combines quantum operations with hardware timing and control flow — timing expressions, single-operation-multiple-qubit and VLIW organization — into an ISA executable by the control microarchitecture.
eQASM: An Executable Quantum Instruction Set Architecture arXiv:1808.02449
S07 2021 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses读出与状态判别Readout & Discrimination QICK 2021/2022:RFSoC 开源控制平台的另一条路线
Leandro Stefanazzi 等 · Rev. Sci. Instrum. / arXiv
集成 RFSoC 板卡、固件、软件及可选模拟前端,直接合成控制信号,评估模拟表现与数字延迟并用于 transmon 表征——与 P01 一起读可比较开源控制平台如何组织编译、定时处理、读出与扩展接口。Integrates RFSoC boards, firmware, software and optional analog front-end to synthesize control signals directly, evaluating analog performance and digital latency for transmon characterization — a parallel open-source RFSoC route to compare with QubiC.
The QICK (Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit) arXiv:2110.00557
S08 2021 离子阱Trapped Ion 校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding 实时容错纠错 2021:把多轮测量与真实反馈闭合
C. Ryan-Anderson 等 · PRX / arXiv
在十比特 QCCD 离子阱中以 [[7,1,3]] 码编码一个逻辑比特,重复测量校验、实时译码,并通过软件 Pauli frame 或物理门处理修正,同时维持相干——把保护存储所需原语组成真实闭环。On a 10-qubit QCCD trapped-ion system, a [[7,1,3]]-encoded logical qubit undergoes repeated syndrome measurement, real-time decoding and correction via software Pauli frame or physical gates while maintaining coherence — closing a real loop of storage primitives.
Realization of real-time fault-tolerant quantum error correction arXiv:2107.07505
S09 2024 超导Superconducting 校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding 低于阈值表面码 2024/2025:增加编码规模确实改善存储
Google Quantum AI 等 · Nature
在 Willow 超导架构上展示低于阈值的表面码存储,含距离 7 存储和结合实时译码的距离 5 实验——所测范围内提高码距使每周期逻辑错误下降,把“更多物理资源能改善逻辑可靠性”变成实验事实。Below-threshold surface-code memory on Willow, including distance-7 memory and distance-5 experiments with real-time decoding — increasing code distance lowers per-cycle logical error, making “more physical resources improve logical reliability” an experimental fact.
Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold
证据边界:2026 年更正涉及图 3a 重复码横轴及图例;应读更新版。Evidence scope: 2026 年更正涉及图 3a 重复码横轴及图例;应读更新版。

相关资料(7)Related material (7)

R01 2026 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses RQL 控制的双轨比特架构
Jim Medford (Northrop Grumman) · APS 摘要
提出以超导数字逻辑控制双轨量子比特的架构,关注无需常规微波驱动的控制方式——与 P03、S04 一起理解低温数字控制的动机;双轨编码、逻辑电路与实际脉冲产生需共同设计。An architecture using superconducting digital logic to control dual-rail qubits without conventional microwave drive — motivation for cryogenic digital control alongside P03/S04.
RQL Controlled Dual Rail Qubit Architecture
证据边界:摘要不足以核实完整门集性能/功耗/可扩展性。Evidence scope: 摘要不足以核实完整门集性能/功耗/可扩展性。
R02 2026 离子阱Trapped Ion 算法与逻辑编译Algorithm & Logical Compilation Guppy-FT:逻辑编译与可配置的纠错插入
Quantinuum · 官方文档
算法先转换为逻辑操作再选择编码实现;可安排逻辑比特分配与复用、纠错插入和资源态制备,并考虑测量读取的延后以保留并行机会——与 P04 比较不同框架如何划分逻辑层/纠错实现/物理后端。Algorithms are first lowered to logical operations, then a code implementation is chosen; logical allocation/reuse, QEC insertion and resource-state preparation are configurable, with deferred readout to preserve parallelism.
Guppy-FT (Quantinuum)
证据边界:文档模拟/示例≠已在 Helios 完成全部容错流程的实验报告。Evidence scope: 文档模拟/示例≠已在 Helios 完成全部容错流程的实验报告。
R03 2026 中性原子Neutral Atom 控制语言与运行时Control Language & Runtime Kirin:面向特定量子任务的组合编译能力
QuEra · 官方文档/代码
Python 生态中的编译基础设施,提供可组合的方言、解释器、分析和重写能力,允许为不同领域定义操作语义——把复杂控制程序拆成可检查、可转换的表示,为条件控制和硬件映射提供共同基础。A Python compilation infrastructure offering composable dialects, interpreters, analyses and rewrites, letting domain-specific operation semantics be defined — breaking complex control programs into inspectable, transformable representations.
Kirin (QuEra)
证据边界:不能将 Kirin 代码库视为整个中性原子硬件的性能证明。Evidence scope: 不能将 Kirin 代码库视为整个中性原子硬件的性能证明。
R04 2025 超导Superconducting 长期维护Long-term Maintenance 自动化全器件表征与稳健门校准
José Chávez-Garcia 等 · APS 摘要 · 关联linked to Jamie Phan
结合物理模型与无模型方法的自动校准,并通过错误处理减少人工干预,提高 transmon 设备整机调优的韧性——自动校准需处理实验依赖、失败重试和设备差异,不是只替某一个参数做优化。Automated calibration combining physics-model and model-free methods, with error handling to reduce manual intervention and improve whole-device transmon tuning robustness.
Automating full-device characterization and robust gate calibration
证据边界:摘要数据不足以支持统一加速倍数或长期运行指标。Evidence scope: 摘要数据不足以支持统一加速倍数或长期运行指标。
R05 2026 超导Superconducting 校验与译码Syndrome & Decoding Deltaflow 2 实时 QEC 系统性能
Riverlane · 技术更新 · 关联linked to Munir Hasan
用真实 QPU 的公开测量数据经模拟控制接口回放,测试 FPGA 译码、滑动窗口和数据处理链,报告平均响应 16.32 μs——把评价从单译码内核扩展到数据传输与处理链。Replays public measurement data from a real QPU through a simulated control interface to test FPGA decoding, sliding windows and the data pipeline, reporting a 16.32 μs mean response — extending evaluation beyond the decode kernel to the full chain.
Deltaflow 2 real-time QEC system performance
证据边界:非实时连接原 Google QPU 的闭环;“10 倍”对应最大 subshot 延迟比较。Evidence scope: 非实时连接原 Google QPU 的闭环;“10 倍”对应最大 subshot 延迟比较。
R06 2024 超导Superconducting 控制器与脉冲Controller & Pulses 星形网络架构中的中规模量子控制系统
Edward Kluender 等 · APS 摘要
介绍星形网络中的同步与反馈组织,围绕 QHub 连接控制仪器并支持实验流水化,讨论最多 448 个物理微波通道的系统配置——控制跨多箱体时,同步、数据路径和固定响应特性会像单通道波形质量一样重要。Synchronization and feedback organization in a star network around a QHub linking control instruments and enabling pipelining, with configurations up to 448 physical microwave channels.
Building intermediate-scale quantum control systems in a star network architecture
证据边界:448 是通道数,不是纠错逻辑比特数。Evidence scope: 448 是通道数,不是纠错逻辑比特数。
R07 2026 超导Superconducting 长期维护Long-term Maintenance 从首次降温到双比特门:自动化校准的具体实例
Edward Kluender (Zurich Instruments) · 技术博客
用 LabOneQ 自动化框架对 Novera 设备建立从初始表征到单、双比特操作的工作流,涉及比特、可调耦合器及校准依赖——展示如何把实验室中的人工调试顺序转成可重复执行的流程。A LabOneQ automation workflow on a Novera device from initial characterization to single- and two-qubit operations, covering qubits, tunable couplers and calibration dependencies — turning manual bring-up into a repeatable procedure.
From First Cooldown to Two-Qubit Gates (LabOneQ)
证据边界:全量校准与部分重调不是同一任务;CZ 约 95±2% 不能换成其他更高数值。Evidence scope: 全量校准与部分重调不是同一任务;CZ 约 95±2% 不能换成其他更高数值。

跨论文比较:先统一指标再看数字Cross-paper Comparison: Align the Metrics First

做横向比较时,至少同时记录工作负载、平台、计时起止点、平均或尾部指标、物理或逻辑层次、是否后选择、是否模拟或回放。When comparing, record at least the workload, platform, timing start/stop, mean-vs-tail metric, physical-vs-logical level, post-selection, and simulation-vs-replay.

容易误读的结果Easily misread result 正确的比较对象Correct comparison target 不能推出什么What it does NOT imply
P03 约 20 ns、>99.9%P03 ~20 ns, >99.9% 指定模型中的门控制预测Gate-control prediction within a stated model 2014 年已实测达到该值That it was measured in 2014
P07 <7 mW/通道P07 <7 mW per channel 指定 ASIC 控制通道的功耗Power of a specific ASIC control channel 整机或每逻辑比特总功耗Whole-system or per-logical-qubit power
P08 98 比特全连接P08 98-qubit all-to-all 可通过搬运实现任意配对的处理器A processor where any pair is reachable via shuttling 所有双比特门同时且无搬运成本That all two-qubit gates run simultaneously, shuttling-free
P15 约 250 倍P15 ~250× 指定随机编译实验流程总时间Total time of a specific randomized-compiling workflow 物理量子门加速 250 倍A 250× speedup of physical gates
P17 40 nsP17 40 ns 特定 FPGA 分类处理路径A specific FPGA classification datapath 完整测量、译码和反馈只需 40 nsThat full measurement, decoding and feedback take 40 ns
P11 <1 μs/轮P11 <1 μs per round 所报告译码实现与工作负载The reported decoder implementation and workload 整个 QPU 闭环延迟小于 1 μsThat the whole QPU closed loop is under 1 μs
R05 16.32 μsR05 16.32 μs 给定接口口径下的数据回放响应Data-replay response under a stated interface 已在原 QPU 现场完成同样闭环That the same loop closed live on the original QPU
P06 90 轮P06 90 rounds 已测有限深度持续补充原子的序列A measured finite-depth sequence with atom replenishment 无限长逻辑存储已被实验验证That indefinitely long logical memory is proven

建议阅读顺序Suggested Reading Orders

先建立整体认识Build the big picture first
S02 → P12 → P01 → P13 → S08 → S09 → P11 → P04
依次回答:信号如何得到、反馈如何发生、控制器如何执行、错误如何跟踪、逻辑态如何保护、编译器如何组织。In turn: how the signal is obtained, how feedback happens, how the controller executes, how errors are tracked, how the logical state is protected, how the compiler organizes.
偏 FPGA、电子与测控工程FPGA, electronics & control engineering
P01 → P17 → P15 → P16 → P11 → R05,再横向读 P07 和 P02
每篇画一张信号或数据路径图,标明位宽、时钟、缓冲、接口及计时边界。Draw a signal/data-path diagram for each, marking bit widths, clocks, buffering, interfaces and timing boundaries.
偏编译器与系统软件Compilers & systems software
S06 → P14 → P10 → P08 → R03 → R02 → P05 → P04
用同一个含中途测量的小程序,逐层追踪其从逻辑含义到硬件动作的变化。Trace one small mid-circuit-measurement program from logical meaning down to hardware action, layer by layer.
偏物理与实验应用Physics & experimental applications
S03 → P12 → P13 → S05 → P09 → S09;再比较 P06、P08 与 P02
重点分析每种平台独有的误差、维护动作和测量代价。Focus on each platform's unique errors, maintenance actions and measurement costs.

最小术语表Minimal Glossary

物理比特 / 逻辑比特Physical / logical qubit 前者是实际量子自由度;后者是通过编码保护的信息单位。交换型比特本身又可能由多个自旋构成。The former is a real quantum degree of freedom; the latter is information protected by encoding. An exchange qubit may itself be made of several spins.
Mid-circuit measurement(MCM)Mid-circuit measurement (MCM) 在程序尚未结束时测量部分比特,同时保留后续运算需要的其他量子态。Measuring some qubits before the program ends, while preserving the other quantum states needed later.
Feed-forward / feedbackFeed-forward / feedback 根据测量结果执行后续操作;前馈可作用于其他比特或后续计算,反馈常指回到被控制系统的闭环。Acting on measurement results; feed-forward can act on other qubits or later computation, feedback usually closes a loop back into the controlled system.
Syndrome / detectorSyndrome / detector syndrome 是校验结果;detector 是无故障条件下具有确定值的测量奇偶关系,用于发现异常。A syndrome is a check outcome; a detector is a measurement parity that is deterministic in the fault-free case, used to flag anomalies.
Pauli framePauli frame 用经典记录追踪待解释的 Pauli 修正,允许部分修正不立即转成物理脉冲。A classical record tracking pending Pauli corrections, so some corrections need not become physical pulses immediately.
Leakage(泄漏)Leakage 状态离开约定的计算子空间,例如 transmon 占据第二激发态,不能简单当成 0/1 翻转。The state leaves the computational subspace (e.g. a transmon reaching the second excited state) and cannot be treated as a simple 0/1 flip.
阈值 / 伪阈值Threshold / pseudo-threshold 阈值讨论特定模型下随编码扩展的保护趋势;伪阈值常比较某个有限编码实例与未编码性能,具体定义需看原文。A threshold concerns protection trends with scaling in a given model; a pseudo-threshold often compares one finite encoded instance to the unencoded baseline — see the source for definitions.
ISA / IR / runtimeISA / IR / runtime 硬件执行指令约定 / 编译过程中的程序表示 / 程序运行时负责资源、状态与执行的系统。The hardware instruction contract / the program representation during compilation / the system managing resources, state and execution at run time.